close
close

Suicide mortality following the implementation of tobacco packaging and pricing policies in Korea: an interrupted time-series analysis | BMC Medicine

  • World Health Organization. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2025, fourth edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.

  • Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2020: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VIII-2). Chengju: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2021.

  • World Health Organization. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.

  • World Health Organization. MPOWER: a policy package to reverse the tobacco epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.

  • World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2021: addressing new and emerging products. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.

  • Ngo A, Cheng K-W, Chaloupka FJ, Shang C. The effect of MPOWER scores on cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption. Prev Med. 2017;105:S10–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gravely S, Giovino GA, Craig L, Commar A, D’Espaignet ET, Schotte K, et al. Implementation of key demand-reduction measures of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and change in smoking prevalence in 126 countries: an association study. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2(4):e166–74.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Yun EH, Lim MK, Oh JK, Ki IH, Shin SH, Jeong BY. Quitline activity in the Republic of Korea. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(S2):1–5.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee B, Seo D-C. Effects of an 80% cigarette price increase on quit attempts, successful quitting and smoking intensity among Korean adult smokers: results from nationally representative longitudinal panel data. Tob Control. 2021;30(3):336.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim I, Khang Y-H. Differential changes in quitting smoking by daily cigarette consumption and intention to quit after the introduction of a tobacco tax increase and pictorial cigarette pack warnings in Korea, 2013–2017. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;213:108085.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. Suicide: one person dies every 40 seconds. 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Health at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; 2021.

  • Balbuena L, Tempier R. Independent Association of Chronic Smoking and Abstinence With Suicide. Psychiatr Serv. 2014;66(2):186–92.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Leistikow BN, Shipley MJ. Might stopping smoking reduce injury death risks? A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Prev Med. 1999;28(3):255–9.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Grucza RA, Plunk AD, Krauss MJ, Cavazos-Rehg PA, Deak J, Gebhardt K, et al. Probing the Smoking-Suicide Association: do smoking policy interventions affect suicide risk? Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;16(11):1487–94.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Janet C-H, Lorraine C, Shannon G, Natalie S, Geoffrey TF. Impact of the WHO FCTC over the first decade: a global evidence review prepared for the Impact Assessment Expert Group. Tob Control. 2019;28(Suppl 2): s119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shadish WR, C TD, Campbell DT. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Soc Serv Rev. 2002;76(3):510–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Wagner AK, Ross-Degnan D. Simulation-based power calculation for designing interrupted time series analyses of health policy interventions. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(11):1252–61.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Korea. Causes of Death Statistics Daejeon: MicroData Integrated Service. Available from: https://mdis.kostat.go.kr/eng/index.do;jsessionid=jWL1vgFLJZTDbvvFC7QF8WvLkpn6aFsuYHVQ0AqXqdi76sMxbOJKIF4aPFBaJBY9.mdexwas2_servlet_engine2.

  • World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision, Fifth edition, 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

  • Vital Statistics Division Statistics Korea, Shin H-Y, Kim J, Lee S, Park MS, Park S, et al. Cause-of-death statistics in 2018 in the Republic of Korea. J Korean Med Assoc. 2020;63(5):286–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) Chengju: Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. Available from: https://knhanes.kdca.go.kr/knhanes/eng/index.do.

  • Kweon S, Kim Y, Jang M-j, Kim Y, Kim K, Choi S, et al. Data resource profile: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):69–77.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernal JL, Cummins S, Gasparrini A. Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(1):348–55.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez Bernal J, Soumerai S, Gasparrini A. A methodological framework for model selection in interrupted time series studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018;103:82–91.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskaran K, Gasparrini A, Hajat S, Smeeth L, Armstrong B. Time series regression studies in environmental epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(4):1187–95.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Park SC, Na KS, Kwon SJ, Kim M, Kim HJ, Baik M, et al. “Suicide CARE” (Standardized Suicide Prevention Program for Gatekeeper Intervention in Korea): an update. Psychiatry Investig. 2020;17(9):911–24.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. Toll-free quitlines. Available from: https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-no-tobacco-day/2021/quitting-toolkit/toll-free-quitlines.

  • Miller CL, Hill DJ, Quester PG, Hiller JE. Impact on the Australian Quitline of new graphic cigarette pack warnings including the Quitline number. Tob Control. 2009;18(3):235.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson N, Li J, Hoek J, Edwards R, Peace J. Long-term benefit of increasing the prominence of a quitline number on cigarette packaging: 3 years of Quitline call data. N Z Med J. 2010;123(1321):109–11.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Thrasher JF, Osman A, Moodie C, Hammond D, Bansal-Travers M, Cummings KM, et al. Promoting cessation resources through cigarette package warning labels: a longitudinal survey with adult smokers in Canada, Australia and Mexico. Tob Control. 2015;24(e1):e23.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller CL, Quester PG, Hill DJ, Hiller JE. Smokers’ recall of Australian graphic cigarette packet warnings & awareness of associated health effects, 2005–2008. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):238.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoek J, Gendall P, Eckert C, Rolls K, Louviere J. A comparison of on-pack Quitline information formats. Tob Control. 2016;25(2):211.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskerville NB, Hayward L, Brown KS, Hammond D, Kennedy RD, Campbell HS. Impact of Canadian tobacco packaging policy on quitline reach and reach equity. Prev Med. 2015;81:243–50.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskerville NB, Brown KS, Nguyen NC, Hayward L, Kennedy RD, Hammond D, et al. Impact of Canadian tobacco packaging policy on use of a toll-free quit-smoking line: an interrupted time-series analysis. CMAJ Open. 2016;4(1):E59.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Park J, Minh LN, Shin SH, Oh JK, Yun EH, Lee D, et al. Influence of new tobacco control policies and campaigns on Quitline call volume in Korea. Tob Induc Dis. 2019;17:21.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubray J, Schwartz R, Chaiton M, Connor S, Cohen JE. The effect of MPOWER on smoking prevalence. Tob Control. 2015;24(6):540.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Feliu A, Filippidis FT, Joossens L, Fong GT, Vardavas CI, Baena A, et al. Impact of tobacco control policies on smoking prevalence and quit ratios in 27 European Union countries from 2006 to 2014. Tob Control. 2019;28(1):101.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Han MA. The price of tobacco and its effects on smoking behaviors in Korea: the 2015 Korea Community Health Survey. Prev Med. 2019;120:71–7.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson AL, Scollo MM, Wakefield MA, Spittal MJ, Chaloupka FJ, Durkin SJ. Smoking prevalence following tobacco tax increases in Australia between 2001 and 2017: an interrupted time-series analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2019;4(12):e618–27.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad S, Franz GA. Raising taxes to reduce smoking prevalence in the US: a simulation of the anticipated health and economic impacts. Public Health. 2008;122(1):3–10.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy DT, Wen CP, Chen TY, Oblak M. Increasing taxes to reduce smoking prevalence and smoking attributable mortality in Taiwan: results from a tobacco policy simulation model. Tob Control. 2005;14(suppl 1): i45.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Agaku IT, Filippidis FT, Vardavas CI. Effectiveness of text versus pictorial health warning labels and predictors of support for plain packaging of tobacco products within the European Union. Eur Addict Res. 2015;21(1):47–52.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Noar SM, Hall MG, Francis DB, Ribisl KM, Pepper JK, Brewer NT. Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies. Tob Control. 2016;25(3):341.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang J, Chaloupka FJ, Fong GT. Cigarette graphic warning labels and smoking prevalence in Canada: a critical examination and reformulation of the FDA regulatory impact analysis. Tob Control. 2014;23(suppl 1): i7.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter BD, Abnet CC, Feskanich D, Freedman ND, Hartge P, Lewis CE, et al. Smoking and mortality—beyond established causes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(7):631–40.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas M, O’Reilly EJ, Mirzaei F, Okereke OI, Unger L, Miller M, et al. Cigarette smoking and completed suicide: results from 3 prospective cohorts of American adults. J Affect Disord. 2013;151(3):1053–8.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Poorolajal J, Darvishi N. Smoking and suicide: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0156348.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlin I, Covey LS, Donohue MC, Agostiv V. Duration of smoking abstinence and suicide-related outcomes. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13(10):887–93.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes JR. Smoking and suicide: a brief overview. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;98(3):169–78.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawn SJ, Pols RG, Barber JG. Smoking and quitting: a qualitative study with community-living psychiatric clients. Soc Sci Med. 2002;54(1):93–104.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Clancy N, Zwar N, Richmond R. Depression, smoking and smoking cessation: a qualitative study. Fam Pract. 2013;30(5):587–92.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziedonis D, Hitsman B, Beckham JC, Zvolensky M, Adler LE, Audrain-McGovern J, et al. Tobacco use and cessation in psychiatric disorders: National Institute of Mental Health report. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008;10(12):1691–715.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown RA, Kahler CW, Zvolensky MJ, Lejuez CW, Ramsey SE. Anxiety sensitivity: relationship to negative affect smoking and smoking cessation in smokers with past major depressive disorder. Addict Behav. 2001;26(6):887–99.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gemma T, Ann M, Alan G, Amanda F, Nicola L-H, Paul A. Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2014;348:g1151.

    Google Scholar 

  • John U, Meyer C, Rumpf H-J, Hapke U. Smoking, nicotine dependence and psychiatric comorbidity—a population-based study including smoking cessation after three years. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;76(3):287–95.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Davey Smith G, Hemani G, Jones HJ, Lawn RB, Munafò MR, Richmond RC, et al. Evidence for causal effects of lifetime smoking on risk for depression and schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomisation study. Psychol Med. 2020;50(14):2435–43.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Stepankova L, Kralikova E, Zvolska K, Pankova A, Ovesna P, Blaha M, et al. Depression and smoking cessation: evidence from a smoking cessation clinic with 1-year follow-up. Ann Behav Med. 2017;51(3):454–63.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin RD, Eaton WW. Asthma, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts: findings from the baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(4):717–22.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rønnstad ATM, Halling-Overgaard A-S, Hamann CR, Skov L, Egeberg A, Thyssen JP. Association of atopic dermatitis with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(3):448–56.e30.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Postolache TT, Komarow H, Tonelli LH. Allergy: a risk factor for suicide? Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2008;10(5):363–76.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Vaart H, Postma DS, Timens W, Ten Hacken NHT. Acute effects of cigarette smoke on inflammation and oxidative stress: a review. Thorax. 2004;59(8):713.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang HB, Munroe S, Gray K, Porta G, Douaihy A, Marsland A, et al. The role of substance use, smoking, and inflammation in risk for suicidal behavior. J Affect Disord. 2019;243:33–41.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Odebrecht Vargas H, Vargas Nunes SO, Pizzo de Castro M, Cristina Bortolasci C, Sabbatini Barbosa D, Kaminami Morimoto H, et al. Oxidative stress and lowered total antioxidant status are associated with a history of suicide attempts. J Affect Disord. 2013;150(3):923–30.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Oh Y. The National Health Plan 2030: its purpose and directions of development. J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(3):173–81.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar